Study sheets · 25 rows · landscape

Functional group recognition sheet

Every functional group in the library grouped by family, with its general formula, polarity, and the IR, ¹H and ¹³C signatures that identify it. The sheet for working backwards from a spectrum to a structure.

Functional group recognition sheet

25 rows · Octet · sample of the first 8 rows

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons — Functional group recognition sheet. Every functional group in the library grouped by family, with its general formula, polarity, and the IR, ¹H and ¹³C signatures that identify it. The sheet for working backwards from a spectrum to a structure.
GroupGeneral formulaPolarityIR bands¹H NMR¹³C NMR
AlkaneCₙH₂ₙ₊₂nonpolar2850-3000 cm⁻¹ (C-H stretch)0.9-1.5 ppm10-40 ppm
AlkeneCₙH₂ₙnonpolar1620-1680 cm⁻¹ (C=C stretch), 3000-3100 cm⁻¹ (=C-H stretch)4.5-6.5 ppm (vinyl H)100-150 ppm
AlkyneCₙH₂ₙ₋₂slightly polar2100-2260 cm⁻¹ (C≡C stretch), 3300 cm⁻¹ (≡C-H stretch, terminal)1.8-3.0 ppm (terminal ≡C-H)65-90 ppm

Oxygen

Oxygen — Functional group recognition sheet. Every functional group in the library grouped by family, with its general formula, polarity, and the IR, ¹H and ¹³C signatures that identify it. The sheet for working backwards from a spectrum to a structure.
GroupGeneral formulaPolarityIR bands¹H NMR¹³C NMR
AlcoholR-OHpolar3200-3600 cm⁻¹ (O-H stretch, broad), 1050-1150 cm⁻¹ (C-O stretch)1-5 ppm (O-H, variable), 3.4-4.0 ppm (C-H next to O)50-90 ppm
AldehydeR-CHOpolar1720-1740 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretch), 2700-2850 cm⁻¹ (aldehyde C-H stretch, two peaks)9.5-10.0 ppm (CHO)190-205 ppm
KetoneR-CO-R'polar1705-1725 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretch)2.1-2.6 ppm (α-H)195-220 ppm
Carboxylic AcidR-COOHvery polar2500-3300 cm⁻¹ (O-H stretch, very broad), 1700-1725 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretch)10-12 ppm (COOH)170-185 ppm
EsterR-COO-R'polar1735-1750 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretch), 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ (C-O stretch)3.7-4.1 ppm (OCH₃), 2.0-2.5 ppm (α-H)160-175 ppm (C=O), 50-70 ppm (O-C)

Built from the functionalGroups collection. Polarity and the three spectroscopic signatures come from each record's own properties and spectroscopy fields.

Every row here is also free to read on its own reference page — browse the full reference.