Octet

Octet / Reagents

Potassium Permanganate

Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) - oxidizing reagent. Strong oxidation, varies with conditions. Common uses: Cold, dilute: Alkene → syn-Diol, Hot, concentrated: Alkene → Cleavage to carboxylic acids/ketones, Benzylic oxidation: ArCH₃ → ArCOOH. Purple color. Col...

Oxidizing

Reagent details

Name

Potassium Permanganate

Formula

KMnO₄

Category

Oxidizing

Function

Strong oxidation, varies with conditions

Common Uses

  1. Cold, dilute: Alkene → syn-Diol

  2. Hot, concentrated: Alkene → Cleavage to carboxylic acids/ketones

  3. Benzylic oxidation: ArCH₃ → ArCOOH

Notes

Purple color. Cold/dilute = dihydroxylation. Hot/conc = oxidative cleavage.

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Reagents

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Lithium Aluminum Hydride

Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH₄) - reducing reagent. Strong reduction of most carbonyl compounds. Common uses: Aldehyde → Primary alcohol, Ketone → Secondary alcohol, Ester → Two alcohols, Carboxylic acid → Primary alcohol, Amide → Amine, Nitrile → Primary a...

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DIBAL-H

DIBAL-H ((i-Bu)₂AlH) - reducing reagent. Partial reduction of esters to aldehydes. Common uses: Ester → Aldehyde (at -78°C), Nitrile → Aldehyde (via imine). Temperature critical! At -78°C stops at aldehyde. Warmer or excess gives alcohol.

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H₂/Pd (Catalytic Hydrogenation)

H₂/Pd (Catalytic Hydrogenation) (H₂ + Pd/C) - reducing reagent. Reduction of C=C, C≡C, and some functional groups. Common uses: Alkene → Alkane, Alkyne → Alkane, Nitro → Amine (ArNO₂ → ArNH₂), Benzyl groups removed (hydrogenolysis). Syn addition. Also works w...

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Lindlar Catalyst

Lindlar Catalyst (Pd/CaCO₃/Pb) - reducing reagent. Partial reduction of alkynes to cis-alkenes. Common uses: Alkyne → cis-Alkene (stops at alkene). Poisoned catalyst - lead prevents over-reduction. Syn addition gives cis product.

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Dissolving Metal (Na/NH₃)

Dissolving Metal (Na/NH₃) (Na + NH₃(l)) - reducing reagent. Reduction of alkynes to trans-alkenes. Common uses: Alkyne → trans-Alkene. Birch reduction conditions. Liquid ammonia at -33°C. Radical mechanism gives trans product.

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