Octet / Reactions
Nitration of Benzene
Nitration of Benzene (Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Aromatic.) Converts c1ccccc1 to c1ccccc1[N+](=O)[O-] using HNO₃, H₂SO₄. Conditions: Heat.
Aromatic
Reaction details
Name
Nitration of Benzene
Type
Aromatic
Subtype
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Starting Material
c1ccccc1
Product
c1ccccc1[N+](=O)[O-]
Reagents
HNO₃
H₂SO₄
Conditions
Heat
Mechanism
- Smiles
c1ccccc1
- Description
Benzene
- Smiles
c1ccccc1
- Description
NO₂⁺ (nitronium ion) forms from HNO₃ + H₂SO₄
- Smiles
c1ccccc1[N+](=O)[O-]
- Description
Electrophilic attack, then loss of H⁺
Tips
H₂SO₄ protonates HNO₃ to generate NO₂⁺
NO₂ is meta-director and deactivating
Further nitration requires harsher conditions
Related Reactions
eas-halogenation
eas-sulfonation
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