Octet / Collection
Functional Groups
Recognition and naming practice
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All Functional Groups
Recognition and naming practice
Alkane
Alkane (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂) - hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons with only C-C single bonds. Least reactive functional group.
Alkene
Alkene (CₙH₂ₙ) - hydrocarbons. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with C=C double bond. Nucleophilic, undergo addition reactions.
Alkyne
Alkyne (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂) - hydrocarbons. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with C≡C triple bond. Terminal alkynes are weakly acidic.
Alcohol
Alcohol (R-OH) - oxygen. Hydroxyl group attached to sp³ carbon. Versatile, can be oxidized or act as nucleophile.
Aldehyde
Aldehyde (R-CHO) - oxygen. Carbonyl at end of chain. Electrophilic carbon, easily oxidized to carboxylic acid.
Ketone
Ketone (R-CO-R') - oxygen. Carbonyl between two carbons. Electrophilic, undergoes nucleophilic addition.
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH) - oxygen. Carbonyl + hydroxyl. Acidic (pKa ~5), forms carboxylate anion.
Ester
Ester (R-COO-R') - oxygen. Carboxylic acid derivative. Pleasant odors, undergo hydrolysis and transesterification.
Ether
Ether (R-O-R') - oxygen. Oxygen between two carbons. Relatively unreactive, common solvents.
Epoxide
Epoxide (Cyclic ether (3-membered)) - oxygen. Strained 3-membered ring with oxygen. Highly reactive, opens with nucleophiles.
Primary Amine
Primary Amine (R-NH₂) - nitrogen. Nitrogen with two H atoms. Basic and nucleophilic. Fishy smell.
Secondary Amine
Secondary Amine (R-NH-R') - nitrogen. Nitrogen with one H atom. Basic and nucleophilic.
Tertiary Amine
Tertiary Amine (R₃N) - nitrogen. Nitrogen with no H atoms. Basic but not H-bond donor.
Amide
Amide (R-CONH₂) - nitrogen. Carbonyl + nitrogen. Very stable, found in proteins (peptide bonds).
Nitrile
Nitrile (R-C≡N) - nitrogen. Triple bond to nitrogen. Can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids or reduced to amines.
Imine (Schiff Base)
Imine (Schiff Base) (R-CH=N-R') - nitrogen. C=N double bond. Formed from aldehyde/ketone + amine. Hydrolyzable.
Nitro Group
Nitro Group (R-NO₂) - nitrogen. Nitrogen with two oxygens. Strong electron-withdrawing group. Makes α-H acidic.
Alkyl Halide
Alkyl Halide (R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)) - halides. Halogen on sp³ carbon. Undergo substitution (SN1/SN2) and elimination (E1/E2).
Aryl Halide
Aryl Halide (Ar-X) - halides. Halogen on aromatic ring. Less reactive than alkyl halides. Undergo SNAr or metal-catalyzed coupling.
Acyl Halide (Acid Chloride)
Acyl Halide (Acid Chloride) (R-COX) - halides. Carbonyl with halide. Most reactive carboxylic acid derivative. Reacts violently with water.
Thiol
Thiol (R-SH) - sulfur. Sulfur analog of alcohol. More acidic than alcohols. Distinctive smell.
Sulfide (Thioether)
Sulfide (Thioether) (R-S-R') - sulfur. Sulfur analog of ether. Better nucleophile than ethers. Can be oxidized to sulfoxides/sulfones.
Disulfide
Disulfide (R-S-S-R') - sulfur. Two sulfurs bonded. Important in protein structure (cysteine bridges). Reducible to thiols.
Benzene Ring
Benzene Ring (C₆H₆) - aromatics. Six-membered aromatic ring. Undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Phenol
Phenol (Ar-OH) - aromatics. OH on benzene ring. More acidic than alcohols (pKa ~10). Activates ring for EAS.
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